Morphology and Syntax

MORPHOLOGY

           A word Morphology is from Greece “morphe “ that has meaning “forms” . It means the morphology is a science of language that focuses on language and how that language special word   formed. Like we see the world “drive” becomes “driver” in here morphology focuses and concentrate.

http://belajarbahasabule.blogspot.com/2010/10/morphology.html

Morphology is study about a word and how the word formed, as if the example above the word “drive” and “er” are called morphemes. Therefore, a process in here is called morphology. Laurel J. Brinton (2002.59-60).

Geert (2005: 7) Said, “In present-day linguistics, the term ‘morphology’ refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and of the systematic form–meaning correspondences between words.” The example above is explains about morphology specially in forming word because it to form new word. Morphology and syntax study how the word construct but morphology study about the word.

The two basic functions of morphological operations are (i) the creation of new words (i.e. new lexemes), and (ii) spelling out the appropriate form of a lexeme in a particular syntactic context.” Krirten (2002:12).

Word in English language some time has different meaning and different part of speech if we add the other word, this called morphology. Morphology is the study of word formation. Therefore, morphology just study and explains how the word formation. In here morphology make new word from basic word or we call as morpheme. http://rezqizone.wordpress.com/2010/11/17/makalah-morphologi-oleh-rezqi-soewarno/

The other literature of definition of morphology:

“Morphology, the study of the internal structure of words, deals with the forms of lexemes (inflection), and with the ways in which lexemes are formed (word-formation). New words are made on the basis of patterns of form-meaning correspondence between existing words. Paradigmatic relationships between words are therefore essential, and morphology cannot be conceived of as ‘the syntax of morphemes’ or ‘syntax below the word level’. http://www.englishindo.com/2011/02/morphology-pembukaan.html. 

       Morphology is the study of meaningful form or the smallest meaningful units of language.

There are two basic divisions in morphology :

(1) lexical or derivational morphology; studies word formation which produces new words such as nation — national.

(2) inflectional morphology; studies word formation related to grammatical affixes: prular, past tense and possession.

• Morphology is concerned with the study of word forms.  
• A word is a unit which is a constituent at the phrase level and above. 
• A morphene is the smallest unit of language that has meaning. For example Cats has to morphemes- cat (singular) and cats (plural). Uneventful has three morphemes. event, eventful, and uneventful. Each morpheme changes the meaning of the word. Morphemes are defined as the smallest meaningful elements in a language.
• There are two types of morpheme. They are free morpheme and bound morpheme. 
• Free morpheme is the one that can stand alone such as: cat, dog, horse, car, bike, bus etc. 
• Bound morpheme is the one that cannot stand alone such as in affixation namely prefix, infix and suffix. Prefixes occur before the base, e.g. (un)tidy, pre(school), (dis)like. Suffixes occur in the middle of the base, e.g. kind(ness), angri(ly), judge(ment), teach(er). 
• Morphology can further be divided into inflectional (concerned with the endings put on words) and derivational (involves the formation of new words). 
• Affixation is the process of attaching an inflection or, more generally, a bound morpheme to a word. This can occur at the beginning or end and occasionally in the middle of a word form. 
• Word formation processes can be either productive or lexicalised (non-productive). There are different types of word-formation such as compounding, zero derivation (conversion), back formation and clipping. 
• For any language the distinction between native and foreign elements in the lexicon is important. In English there are different affixes used here and stress also varies according to the historical source of words.

This simple way to analyze morphology:

In adjectives

Smaller            2 morphs small/er

Smallest          2 morphs small/est

Better            1 morph better

In verbs

Worked           2 morphs work/ed

Wrote             1 morph wrote

Written          1 morph written

Working          2 morph work/ing

Put                 1 morph put

In Gerund

Sittings           3 morph sit/ing/s

In Pronouns

We                  1 morph we

Him                 1 morph him

Its                   2 morph it/s

http://bunyaniinggris.blogspot.co.id/2013/02/language-and-morphology-in-linguistic.html

SYNTAX 

      Syntax is the study of the principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in particular languages. Syntactic investigation of a given language has as its goal the construction of a grammar that can be viewed as a device of some sort for producing the sentences of the language under analysis. (Chomsky, 2002) 

     The study of syntax is the study of how words combine to from phrases and ultimately sentences in languages. Because it consists of phrases that are put together in a particular way, a sentences has a structure. The structure consists of way in which the words are organized into phrases and the phrases are organized into larger phrases. The study of phrases and sentences structure is sometimes called grammar. (Tserdanelis and Wong, 2004) 

     The syntax of a language is the set of properties which determine the construction of sentences in that language. If a sentence is constructed according to those properties it is well formed or grammatical. If a sentence is constructed  in violation of those properties it is ill-formed or ungrammatical. The study of syntax involves uncovering those properties of language which are involved in the construction of grammatical sentence in particular languages. (Hawkins, 2001) 

     Syntax is the system of rules and categories that allows words to be combined to the form of sentence. The data that linguists use to study syntax consists primarily of judgments about grammaticality of individual sentence. Roughly speaking, a sentence is considered grammatical if speakers judge it to be a possible sentence of their language (O’grady, at all.,1989) 

    Syntax is that part of our linguistics knowledge which concerns the structure of sentences. Knowing a language also means being able to put words together to form sentences to express our thoughts. (Fromkin and Rodman,1983) 

     Syntax concerns the possible arrangements of words in a language. The basic unit is the sentence which minimally consists of a main clause (containing at least a subject and predicate). Nouns and verbs are the major categories and combine with various others, such as adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, etc. to form more complex sentences.

•  Linguists often distinguish between a level on which the unambiguous semantic structure of a sentence is represented, formerly referred to as deep structure, and the actual form of a sentence, previously called surface structure.

•   Sentence structure is normally displayed by means of a tree diagram which is intended to display the internal structure in a manner which is visually comprehensible. Such a diagram is not assumed to correspond to any encoding of language in the brain.

•   The term generation is used in formal linguistics to describe exhaustively the structure of sentences. Whether it also refers to the manner in which speakers actually produce sentences, from the moment of having an idea to saying a sentence, is a very different question and most linguists do not make any such claim.

•  Universal grammar represents an attempt to specify what structural elements are present in all languages, i.e. what is their common grammatical core, and to derive means for describing these adequately.

•   Language would appear to be organised modularly. Thus syntax is basically independent of phonology, for instance, though there is an interface between these two levels of language.

  

http://wiltapurnamasari.blogspot.co.id/2013/11/syntax.html

https://www.uni-due.de/SHE/REV_MorphologySyntax.htm#morph